Encrypting files containing personally identifiable information is an example of which concept?

Encrypting files that contain personally identifiable information (PII) is primarily an example of data confidentiality. This concept focuses on ensuring that sensitive information is not accessed or disclosed to unauthorized individuals or systems. By applying encryption to files with PII, the data is transformed into a format that is unreadable without the appropriate decryption key, effectively safeguarding it from unauthorized access.

Data confidentiality is crucial in many compliance frameworks and regulations, as it protects individuals' privacy and helps organizations maintain trust. In scenarios like identity theft or data breaches, the failure to maintain data confidentiality can lead to severe ramifications for both individuals and organizations.

On the other hand, data integrity relates to maintaining and assuring the accuracy and consistency of data over its lifecycle, while data availability focuses on ensuring that data is accessible to authorized users when needed. Data redundancy involves the duplication of critical data to prevent loss in case of failure, which does not align with the concept of encryption for protecting sensitive information.